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Bloodlines & Bullets: Unraveling Springfield’s Generational Crime   Exposes Years of Data Obfuscation, Prosecutorial Inaction, and the Lethal Consequences of a Collapsed Federal Grant SPRINGFIELD, OH –  – A groundbreaking, data-driven investigation by local author and advocate Beth Donahue alleges that Springfield’s public safety institutions have systematically failed their citizens, obscuring the true scale of the city’s homicide crisis through data manipulation while allowing a revolving door of justice for violent offenders to fuel a deadly cycle of generational crime. The new book, “Bloodlines & Bullets: Unraveling Springfield’s Generational Crime,”  presents a stark, unvarnished look at the 42 homicides that occurred between January 2021 and July 2025. Drawing on a meticulous review of court records, police reports, and internal city data, Donahue argues that the city’s unprecedented violence is not random, but the predictable result of profound institutional collapse. The book’s most explosive findings include: A 40% Homicide Data Discrepancy:  The investigation uncovers a shocking and "irreconcilable discrepancy" between the city's internal records and the official data it submits to the FBI. While internal records tracked by the city’s own Law Director show 28 homicides from 2021-2023, the official data reported to the federal government for the same period claims only 20. The book argues this 40% undercount is a "systemic practice of downgrading or misclassifying murders" that created a "manufactured reality" and misled the public and policymakers. Catastrophic Failure of $1.6M Federal Grant:  “Bloodlines & Bullets” provides a damning account of the city’s primary gun violence prevention strategy: a $1.6 million federal grant managed by the non-profit Opportunities for Individual Change (OIC). The book details how nearly $400,000 was spent on "data collection" with no tangible interventions implemented before the DOJ abruptly canceled the remaining $1.24 million in April 2025. This collapse created a "vacuum of prevention" immediately preceding a massive surge in lethal violence in May and June 2025, including multiple homicides and a mass shooting. A Revolving Door for Violent Offenders:  The book reveals a justice system that fails to incapacitate known violent offenders. It documents how, from 2022 to 2024, the Municipal Court dismissed over 80% of all Intimate Partner and Domestic Violence cases  each year, a pattern that preceded the resignation of the city’s chief municipal prosecutor in March 2025. The book argues this practice emboldens abusers, with tragic consequences, as 60% of homicide offenders had a documented history of IPV. Quantifying the "Poisoned Roots" of Generational Crime:  The book’s central thesis is that violence is an inherited trait, passed down through families. A kinship-network analysis reveals that in 38% of homicide cases , the victim or offender was directly related to a participant in a prior homicide. Using statistical modeling, the book finds that having a parent convicted of a violent crime increases an individual’s own risk of homicide perpetration by a factor of 3.2.       "For too long, the true reasons behind the murderous violence plaguing our city have remained obscured, buried beneath official narratives and deflected responsibilities," states author Beth Donahue. "This book is not a comfortable read, but it is an essential one. It is a data-driven demand for accountability and a catalyst for the change that the victims, their families, and the community of Springfield have long deserved." READ THE FULL BOOK HERE (PDF)

Defining Serial Domestic Violence Offenders in the United States. Download the report on: SELECTED CASE STUDIES Serial Domestic Violence Offenders and Murders in Springfield, Ohio "What drives an individual to repeatedly inflict violence upon those they claim to love, and what happens when that violence inevitably spills over into homicide? By Beth Donahue Springfield Domestic Violence Coalition - 2025 PDF DOWNLOAD HERE

Defining Serial Domestic Violence Offenders in the United States   Beth Donahue Springfield Domestic Violence Coalition   Allison Fernandez Incarnate Word University   Author Note Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Beth Donahue, Executive Director, Springfield Domestic Violence Coalition, www.springfielddvc.com beth@springfielddvc.com   Abstract:   The United States currently lacks a consistent, legally standardized definition for a "serial domestic violence offender" (SDVO), resulting in informal and inconsistent application of the term in practice and public discourse. While there are existing legal classifications, such as "repeat" or "habitual" offender that often rely on prior conviction counts within specified timeframes, this fails to capture the behavioral patterns of coercive control across multiple victims that characterize serial offending. This definitional gap significantly hinders consistent identification, research, risk assessment, and effective intervention strategies for a particularly dangerous subset of perpetrators. These gaps have also gained attention in the United Kingdom but has yet to become a prevalent discussion in the United States (Bland, M. P., Ariel, B., Bland, M. P., & Ariel, B., 2020; Godfrey, B. S., & Richardson, J. C., 2024). This study aims to bring this discussion to the forefront of U.S. public discourse by exploring how the term SDVO is understood and applied in practice. A systematic qualitative meta-synthesis was conducted on U.S. news archives (January 1995 - April 2025) using keywords "serial domestic violence offender," "serial domestic violence abuser," and "serial domestic violence perpetrator". This yielded 24 articles featuring unique individuals explicitly categorized with these terms. A thematic analysis was performed on these case narratives to identify key themes related to offender characteristics and systemic responses. Findings reveal that the term "serial" is often used in news media to describe offenders exhibiting patterns of coercive control spanning multiple victims and relationships, frequently accompanied by escalating physical violence and extensive non-domestic criminality. These individuals often had repeated, yet ineffective, interactions with the criminal justice system, characterized by accountability gaps such as dismissed charges, lenient plea bargains, inadequate sentencing, underutilization of habitual offender laws, and protection order violations. This research highlights a critical discrepancy between the informal, pattern-based understanding of serial domestic violence evident in public discourse and formal, conviction-based legal definitions. The study proposes a working definition for a "serial domestic violence offender" and discusses implications for forensic practice, emphasizing the importance of pattern-based risk assessment that considers multiple victims, strangulation history, general criminality, and court order violations. Addressing this definitional gap is crucial for improving victim safety, offender accountability, and the overall effectiveness of legal and policy responses to patterned domestic abuse.

You're Invited! FREE  Public Presentation: Hear Groundbreaking Research on a Critical Issue Join SDVC for:   "Defining Serial Domestic Violence Offenders in the United States"

By James Steward The core issue galvanizing Springfield residents is the alarming and undeniable evidence presented in traffic citation data: a dramatic and overwhelming shift indicating that Haitian drivers are now responsible for the vast majority of traffic violations. As detailed in Table 3  of this report, the proportion of Violations Bureau cases attributed to Haitian residents skyrocketed from 0% in 2015-2016 to consistently over 67% from 2020 through 2024, peaking at 79% in 2021. This stark data is interpreted by residents not as an issue of biased enforcement, but as clear evidence of who is committing the infractions See the full article below (PDF)

My Experience at the Commissioners' Meeting I had only three minutes to make my point. Did I receive any comments or questions from the Commissioners? Perhaps inquiries like, is that true? or how we can combat this epidemic. Unfortunately, my speech was cut down to fit the strict three-minute policy for public comments during the Commissioners' meeting. Again, I am here to stress the gravity of the domestic violence epidemic that is plaguing our community. The Tragic Reality of Domestic Violence Mayor, Commissioners, thank you for the opportunity to speak this evening. Some of you might recall that I have addressed you many times before. Each time, my subject has been the same: the persistent, devastating epidemic of domestic violence in Springfield. Today, I return not just to warn you, but to validate the tragic warnings I have previously shared. Let’s reflect on August 13, 2024. I stood before you and declared, "Springfield is a breeding ground for serial domestic violence offenders." You joked about it. You dismissed my concerns. Contrast that with September 2024. At the Midwest Criminal Justice Conference in Chicago, I presented my study on serial domestic violence offenders. No one there laughed at my findings. These were professionals—PhD-educated criminologists who understand criminal behavior. They recognized the severity of the situation. Unlike those in charge of our city, they understand the consequences of ignoring this issue. My findings were serious then, and they remain critically serious now. A Dire Warning On October 17, 2024, I held a public meeting right here in Springfield. I reiterated my warnings about serial domestic violence offenders. I stated unequivocally that Springfield has over 100 of these individuals. It was only a matter of time before we began to witness escalations leading to murder. At that meeting, I highlighted a specific name to Commissioner Tracy Tackett: Raymond Scott. The Springfield Domestic Violence Coalition identified him as a serial domestic violence offender. Just a few months later, on February 15, 2025, my warnings became a horrific reality. Raymond Scott, 27, of Springfield, was indicted on charges including aggravated murder, murder, aggravated burglary, strangulation, and felonious assault for brutally killing Kaleena Bentley. I explicitly warned you this could happen. I provided you with a name. Yet, you did not act with the urgency this crisis demands. A Failing Justice System For months, I emphasized your Chief Prosecutor Dibartalo's 83% dismissal rate involving domestic violence cases. An 83% failure rate results in a lack of protection for victims and accountability for abusers. I indicated that, based on observed systemic failures, our city would soon operate under a federal consent decree with the U.S. Department of Justice. Springfield is now only three months away from facing this harsh reality. I made it clear that you needed to fire the Prosecutor or demand his resignation. On March 15, he finally resigned. However, there was silence regarding his departure. There was also no announcement about Ms. Erin McEnaney’s promotion to Chief Prosecutor. Why the lack of transparency? Legislative Changes: A Step Forward, But a Step Back There is now talk of new laws as potential solutions to this epidemic. Ohio laws have increasingly recognized the severity of specific abusive acts that were once minimized. They have enhanced penalties, elevating certain offenses to felonies. Recently, the Governor signed House Bill 111, which presumes prison time for offenders convicted of third-degree felony domestic violence, given they have previous domestic violence convictions. These enhancements are progress on paper. However, there exists a critical flaw—an inherent dependency within these new laws. They require a prior conviction of a domestic violence misdemeanor or felony. Unfortunately, that is precisely what the previous Chief Prosecutor failed to achieve, with an 83% dismissal rate in misdemeanor domestic violence cases. Think about it. New laws designed to punish repeat offenders are rendered ineffective from the start. The system could not secure the initial convictions necessary to activate these enhancements. A Call to Action My question tonight, Mayor and Commissioners, is this: How many more people in our community must become victims? How many more lives, like Kaleena Bentley's, must be tragically lost before you start addressing this epidemic with the seriousness it warrants? This is not a laughing matter. It is a matter of life and death for those you are sworn to protect. The time for inaction, dismissal, and humor at this grave matter is over. The evidence of failure is undeniable, and the cost is counted in human lives. My call to action is simple, direct, and urgent: Acknowledge the failures of the past. Demand accountability from our justice system leadership, starting now with the new Chief Prosecutor. Ensure they possess the resources, authority, and determination needed to aggressively prosecute domestic violence cases. Stop treating domestic violence as a minor nuisance. Implement strategies based on solid research and legitimate data, not ignorance. Springfield must cease being a breeding ground for serial abusers. The lives of your constituents depend on it.

I said the City Commissioners work session would be all lies...and I did not lie! We heard lies of Exaggeration, overstating the truth, making something sound more significant and better than it actually is. We heard lies of Minimization, downplaying the significance of something to distort the truth. We heard lies of inventing facts or data and spreading rumors based on fabricated information We heard lies of Denial, refusing to acknowledge truth and reality. We heard lies using Gaslighting, attempts to make the viewing public doubt their own sanity, perception of reality, and memories (Hello, DV is posted everyday in the Springfield News Sun) So many lies, the problem of DV has only increased since 2018, despite the MILLIONS in grant money and funds thrown at the issue by the City and County Watch the Video and hear the TRUTH!

Analysis of Domestic Violence Case Dismissal Rates and Offender Characteristics in Clark County, Ohio (2022): Implications for Forensic Practice Beth Donahue Springfield Domestic Violence Coalition www.springfielddvc.com beth@ springfielddvc.com Abstract Domestic violence (DV) case attrition, particularly through dismissals, poses significant challenges to the criminal justice system and victim safety. Understanding the factors contributing to high dismissal rates is crucial for improving system responses. This study analyzed 238 DV-related court cases involving 187 unique offenders processed in Clark County, Ohio, during 2022. Data were extracted from public court records and police reports, focusing on charge types, case outcomes, offender characteristics, relationship types, and processing times. Findings revealed an overall case dismissal rate of 73.9%, with misdemeanor cases reaching 77.8%. A substantial proportion of offenders had documented prior (58.8%) or subsequent (60.1%) DV case involvement by the end of 2023, indicating high recidivism. Intimate partner violence constituted the majority of cases (79.8%). Compared to reported rates in larger metropolitan areas like New Orleans, San Antonio, and New York City, Clark County's dismissal rates appear notably high, particularly for a smaller jurisdiction. While specific reasons for dismissal (e.g., prosecutorial discretion, witness issues) require further investigation due to data limitations, the high attrition rate underscores potential issues in evidence sufficiency, victim participation, and case processing. These findings highlight the need for enhanced data collection and suggest areas where forensic science, through improved evidence documentation, analysis of victim dynamics, and understanding injury patterns, could contribute to strengthening DV case prosecution and improving effective interventions. Keywords : domestic violence, case dismissal, intimate partner violence, recidivism, criminal justice system, forensic science, Clark County, Ohio NOTE: The City of Springfield had 513 Domestic Violence Arrests in 2024, the Highest ever in the history of the Springfield Police Department. In 2015, Springfield had 1,758 Domestic Violence incidents, yet the Springfield Police Department accomplished only 432 arrests. Based on a 2022 national crime victimization survey (NCVS) conducted by the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS), it indicates that (68%) of violent victimizations go unreported to the police nationally. The same (NCVS) survey reports that a little over half (51.1%) of all domestic violence incidents go unreported to law enforcement. Based on OBCI data and the research in this report, Springfield has an epidemic of domestic violence. In 2022, according to OBCI, when it comes to reported Domestic Violence incidents, the Springfield Police Department reported that 71.5% of those incidents had victims who were injured. From 2015 to 2022, Domestic violence incidents with victim-related injuries increased from 22.9% to 71.5% of incidents. SEE FULL REPORT HERE (PDF)

On August 13, 2024, I told the world of Serial Domestic Violence Serial Offenders in Springfield...future killers! In October 2024, I read off the name, Raymond Scott, to Commissioner Tracy Tackett. SDVC identified him as a serial domestic violence offender. Now Raymond Scott, 27, of Springfield, was indicted on charges of aggravated murder, murder, aggravated burglary, strangulation, and felonious assault for the February 15, 2025, Murder of Kaleena Bentley. Someone, please tell me, what is it going to take for people to listen to hard facts? How many more Women need to die?

SPRINGFIELD, OH – April 3, 2025 – The Springfield Domestic Violence Coalition (SDVC) today released findings from its critical examination of gun-related arrest data in Springfield, Ohio, between January 1, 2021, and December 31, 2023. The SDVC white paper highlights significant concerns regarding the data presented by Mr. Caleb Perkins, the Gun Violence Prevention Coordinator for the Office for Individual Change (OIC). The SDVC’s analysis, which focused on 500 unique individuals arrested for gun-related offenses, revealed inconsistencies and a lack of methodological rigor in Mr. Perkins’ reporting to the Springfield City Commissioners. The coalition found that Mr. Perkins demonstrated a fundamental misunderstanding of basic criminology concepts, including the conflation of “incidents,” “arrests,” and “charges.” Furthermore, the SDVC’s review of the OIC representative’s grant reports allegedly uncovered numerous errors, including formatting, mathematical, and data inconsistencies. Notably, the SDVC identified discrepancies in arrest/identity counts and a complete absence of crucial demographic data within these reports. The SDVC’s meticulous analysis of the raw data identified 500 unique individuals arrested for gun-related offenses, with 80 individuals identified as re-offenders. This figure directly contradicts Mr. Perkins’ inflated count of offenders presented to the city. The SDVC’s examination also revealed that a significant portion of gun violence in Springfield involves individuals in their early twenties, despite the OIC grant’s focus on “youth.” Analysis of the criminal history of arrested individuals aged 18 and over indicated a high number of lifetime criminal cases, suggesting a critical need to address the underlying factors contributing to this behavior. The SDVC contends that Mr. Perkins has not provided sufficient data to substantiate claims that youth gun violence is significantly impacting the community. The Springfield Domestic Violence Coalition is deeply concerned by the discrepancies and lack of rigor identified in the OIC’s reported gun violence data. Accurate and reliable data is essential for developing effective strategies to address gun violence in our community. The SDVC urges the Springfield City Commissioners to carefully consider these findings and calls for a thorough review of the data collection and reporting methods employed by the Office for Individual Change. About the Springfield Domestic Violence Coalition (SDVC): The Springfield Domestic Violence Coalition (SDVC) is a dedicated organization committed to ending domestic violence and promoting safety and justice for victims in the Springfield, Ohio, community. READ THE REPORT - PDF BELOW

March 13th, 2025, the Springfield Police Department (SPD) INTRODUCTION On Thursday, March 13th, 2025, the Springfield Police Department (SPD) in Ohio detained two Black individuals, an event that has drawn public concern . This incident occurred within a societal context where policing practices are increasingly subject to scrutiny due to the widespread availability of body-worn cameras, social media platforms, and personal cell phones capable of recording interactions. Simultaneously, the Springfield Domestic Violence Coalition (SDVC) has been engaged in advocacy for nearly two years, requesting the disclosure of annual crime reports from the SPD. This request, aimed at obtaining comprehensive data on criminal activity within the city, has been met with resistance, as the City of Springfield's legal department has stated that there are no legal grounds to provide such reports to the public. This report will analyze the events of the March 13th detention, examine the role of contemporary transparency mechanisms in such incidents, contextualize the police interaction with statistical data on non-compliance during police stops, and critically evaluate the legal basis for the City of Springfield's refusal to disclose annual crime reports to the SDVC. The analysis will also consider the significance of crime data for organizations like the SDVC in their efforts to address domestic violence and promote community safety.    THE MARCH 13TH, 2025 INCIDENT, INITIAL REPORT AND 911 CALL The sequence of events leading to the detention of the two individuals began with a 911 call reporting that two individuals were pointing a gun at passing vehicles in the 600 block of East High Street, near York. The caller provided descriptions of the two people, stating that one was wearing a gray “jumpsuit” while the other was wearing a black top and shorts. This initial report, obtained through public records, formed the basis for the Springfield Police Division's response to the scene . The information relayed by the 911 caller, including the alleged firearm and the descriptions of the individuals, immediately framed the situation as a potentially high-risk encounter for responding officers. Upon arrival at the location, police officers in a cruiser were captured on footage telling the two individuals to stop walking . An officer then approached them and promptly issued a command to the person wearing a gray sweatsuit to "get your hand out of your [expletive] pants, now" . This immediate and forceful directive was met with protest from the individual, who questioned the officer's actions by asking, "what are you on?" . When the other individual, wearing a black sweatshirt, indicated his desire to take a photograph of the officer's badge, the officer responded dismissively, stating, "you don't need to worry about it" . The individual in the gray sweatsuit was subsequently handcuffed after repeatedly protesting the interaction . Body camera footage from the incident revealed an officer stating that they had not observed either person discarding any items before the police approached them . Throughout the initial phase of the encounter, police repeatedly asked the individual in gray for his name .    The individual in the gray sweatsuit consistently denied possessing a gun and suggested that officers search his bag. He eventually provided his name and was released at the scene, indicating his intention to file a formal complaint against the officers . The individual wearing black also protested the interaction, stating that both he and his companion were being "illegally detained" . He refused to identify himself, asserting that he was not legally obligated to do so . An officer disagreed with this assertion, stating that the individual was obstructing the investigation. Consequently, the individual in black was detained in a cruiser and subsequently charged with failure to identify, resisting arrest, and obstructing official business . Following the incident, the Springfield Police Division issued a statement acknowledging the public concerns that had arisen, particularly after footage of the detention was shared online, leading some residents to question whether racial profiling was a factor . The police department stated that they were conducting a "thorough review" of the incident to ensure all facts were gathered and to maintain accuracy and transparency . They emphasized that while social media videos provided a partial view of the encounter, they did not capture the entirety of the event or the potential dangers officers believed they faced, given the initial report of a firearm-related threat .    THE LANDSCAPE OF POLICE TRANSPARENCY IN 2025; BODY-WORN CAMERAS (BWCS) In 2025, body-worn cameras (BWCs) will become an increasingly common and expected tool for enhancing transparency and accountability in law enforcement. Advocates for BWCs highlight their potential to aid in officer training by allowing for post-incident review of performance, provide the public with greater insight into police actions, protect officers from false accusations by offering a documented record of events, and enhance the collection of evidence for arrests and prosecutions . Studies have indicated that the use of BWCs can lead to a reduction in the number of use-of-force reports and citizen complaints against officers . However, it is also important to acknowledge the potential limitations of BWC footage. The perspective captured by a camera lens may differ from an officer's actual perception during a dynamic and stressful encounter, and the interpretation of video evidence often requires careful consideration of context and human factors that influence decision-making . In the case of the Springfield incident, SPD policies regarding body-worn cameras were appropriately followed, with all interactions recorded with volume, and that the department believes there was no travesty or miscarriage of justice. While BWC footage provides a valuable visual record, the extent to which it ensures true transparency hinges on the policies governing its accessibility, review processes, and the degree to which both internal and external stakeholders can engage with this footage to understand the full context of events. Beyond official body-worn camera footage, social media platforms and the prevalence of cell phone recordings have significantly altered the landscape of police transparency in 2025. These readily available technologies empower individuals to document police encounters, share their perspectives in real-time, and contribute to a broader public discourse on law enforcement practices . Social media can act as a powerful tool for public oversight, allowing for candid assessments of police performance and providing a platform for individuals to share their experiences, both positive and negative . The rapid dissemination of information through these channels can quickly shape public opinion and increase vigilance towards police actions . However, this increased scrutiny can also present challenges for officers, who may feel unjustly judged based on partial or out-of-context video clips shared online . In the Springfield incident, the fact that footage taken by one of the detained individuals was posted online and led to questions about racial profiling underscores the significant role of citizen recordings in shaping public perception and prompting official responses . The balance between the benefits of increased transparency through social media and the potential for misinterpretation or the spread of incomplete narratives remains a critical consideration in the contemporary policing environment .    CIVILIAN OVERSIGHT Civilian oversight agencies (COAs) represent another mechanism designed to enhance police accountability and foster public trust . These independent bodies can play a crucial role in reviewing police conduct, investigating complaints from the public, and recommending policy changes or disciplinary actions . Research suggests that the presence of COAs can contribute to a reduction in racial disparities in policing outcomes and an overall decrease in police homicides . By providing an external review process, COAs can increase the perceived legitimacy of police departments and demonstrate a commitment to holding officers accountable for their actions . The structure and authority of COAs can vary significantly, with some agencies having the power to conduct inde.pendent investigations and others primarily focusing on reviewing the findings of internal police inquiries . The effectiveness of a COA often depends on factors such as its independence, access to information, and the willingness of police leadership to implement its recommendations. NOTE:  The City of Springfield established an independent Community Police Advisory Team (CAPT). The team is made up of nine community members appointed to study matters affecting and concerning the relationship between the Springfield Police Division (SPD) and members of the community. The official City of Springfield organization does not produce reports, meeting agendas, or public records. The organization does not publish meeting recommendations or a list of CAPT concerns regarding crime and law enforcement. Furthermore, this organization has no term limits or new member elections. Clearly the City of Springfield has an active BUT not effective civilian oversight mechanism which can not significantly influence public confidence in the thoroughness and impartiality of the review promised by the SPD regarding the March 13th incident.    UNDERSTANDING NON-COMPLIANCE IN POLICE INTERACTIONS, COMMON NON-COMPLIANCE BEHAVIORS Statistical data from a survey of over 1,000 police officers provides insights into the prevalence of non-compliance during traffic stops . The most common non-compliant behavior reported by officers was the failure to follow commands, cited by 42% of respondents. This was followed by a failure to answer questions, which accounted for 24% of non-compliance instances, and a refusal to show a driver's license and other documents, reported at 10%.   Non-Compliance Behavior Percentage Failure to follow commands 42% Failure to answer questions 24% Refusal to show driver's license etc. 10% The prevalence of "failure to follow commands" as the most common form of non-compliance suggests a complex interplay between police directives and civilian responses. It is possible that in some instances, individuals may not understand the commands, may be fearful or confused, or may perceive the commands as unlawful or unjustified, leading to a reluctance or inability to comply immediately. This highlights the importance of clear communication and de-escalation techniques by law enforcement officers to ensure understanding and encourage cooperation. The same survey data indicates that the types of traffic stops most likely to result in non-compliance are those involving suspicion of criminal intent, reported by 76% of officers, and impaired driving, cited by 66%. The Springfield incident originated from a 911 call reporting a firearm-related threat, which would likely fall under the category of "suspicion of criminal intent." This context is crucial because it statistically places the encounter within a higher-risk category for potential non-compliance compared to routine traffic stops for minor infractions. The officers' heightened level of caution and the more assertive approach observed in the initial moments of the interaction with the two individuals could be partly attributed to the nature of the reported threat and the statistical likelihood of encountering resistance in such situations.    FACTORS INFLUENCING COMPLIANCE Whether individuals perceive the law as legitimate and hold trust in legal institutions significantly impacts their behavior during interactions with police officers. Also noteworthy is that civilians ultimately decide how they will behave towards police, and officers simultaneously make choices about how they will exercise their authority. Following the decision to intervene, officers' subsequent actions and choices, ranging from issuing a verbal warning to using deadly force, can either foster cooperation or escalate tensions. Research suggests that positive officer demeanor and the use of non-coercive verbal tactics are associated with a higher likelihood of suspect compliance . Conversely, accusatory language or displays of aggression can increase the likelihood of resistance. The initial interaction in the Springfield incident, with the officer's immediate and forceful command, could be interpreted as an exercise of authority that may not have prioritized de-escalation and could have contributed to the subsequent protests and lack of cooperation from the detained individuals. Studies examining resistance towards police during traffic stops and other encounters have revealed nuanced findings . One study indicated that non-White suspects were more likely to exhibit non-compliant behavior towards White officers, although not necessarily more aggressive forms of resistance such as verbal or physical aggression . This suggests that factors beyond overt aggression, such as a lack of trust or perceived unfair treatment, might contribute to non-compliance in certain demographic groups. Other research has explored the impact of officer communication tactics on suspect compliance, finding that a positive officer demeanor and the use of non-coercive language significantly increase the likelihood of cooperation . The narrative surrounding traffic stops often emphasizes the potential danger to police officers; however, research also indicates that violence against officers during routine traffic stops is relatively rare . The Springfield incident, involving the detention of two Black individuals by police responding to a report of a firearm, highlights the complexities of these interactions and the importance of considering both officer safety and the rights and perceptions of civilians.    THE SPRINGFIELD DOMESTIC VIOLENCE COALITION'S PURSUIT OF TRANSPARENCY; ADVOCACY FOR CRIME REPORT DISCLOSURE The Springfield Domestic Violence Coalition (SDVC) has been actively advocating for nearly two years for the Springfield Police Department (SPD) to disclose annual crime reports, making a clear distinction from "calls for service" reports. Crime reports, in the context of law enforcement, typically refer to official records documenting reported criminal offenses, often compiled using standardized systems like the FBI's Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) program or the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) . These reports contain detailed information about the nature of the crime, victims, suspects (if known), and other relevant details . In contrast, "calls for service" reports are logs that record each instance when someone contacts the police for assistance, which can include a wide array of situations that may not necessarily involve a criminal offense . For example, a "call for service" might be for a noise complaint, a domestic dispute that does not result in an arrest, or a report of suspicious activity that is later deemed non-criminal . The SDVC's specific request for crime reports indicates their need for verified data on criminal activity within Springfield, likely to better understand the prevalence and nature of crimes relevant to their mission, such as domestic violence, sexual assault, and related offenses. Despite the SDVC's persistent advocacy, the City of Springfield has not produced the requested annual crime reports. The city's legal department has reportedly cited that there are no legal grounds to provide these reports to the public. In response to this lack of official data, the SDVC took the initiative to create their own "Unofficial Springfield Police Departments Annual Report 2023," which they compiled based on arrest data . The SDVC has publicly challenged the City of Springfield to either confirm or deny the accuracy of their unofficial report. This situation underscores a significant disconnect between the information needs of a community organization focused on public safety and the data being made available by the city's law enforcement agency. The city's refusal to provide annual crime reports, coupled with the SDVC's independent efforts to gather and disseminate crime-related information, suggests a potential lack of transparency and a disagreement regarding the scope of publicly accessible law enforcement data.    LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR PUBLIC RECORDS DISCLOSURE IN OHIO; OHIO PUBLIC RECORDS LAW (OHIO REVISED CODE § 149.43) The disclosure of government records in Ohio is governed by the Ohio Public Records Law, codified in Ohio Revised Code § 149.43, often referred to as the "Sunshine Laws" . This law establishes the fundamental principle that public records are the people's records and should be readily accessible to the public . It mandates that all public offices, including city units like the Springfield Police Department, must maintain their records in an organized manner to facilitate their availability for inspection and copying . The law imposes two primary obligations on public offices: to provide prompt inspection of public records during regular business hours and to furnish copies of these records within a reasonable timeframe upon request . The Ohio Public Records Act is broadly interpreted by courts in favor of disclosure, meaning that the default position is one of openness, and any exceptions to this rule are narrowly construed . The definition of a "public record" under Ohio law is expansive, encompassing any records kept by a public office that document the organization, functions, policies, decisions, procedures, operations, or other activities of the office, regardless of their physical format. While Ohio law generally promotes the accessibility of public records, it also recognizes that certain types of information may be exempt from disclosure. Ohio Revised Code § 149.43(A) outlines specific exceptions, including, but not limited to, medical records, trial preparation records, and confidential law enforcement investigatory records (CLEIR) . The CLEIR exemption is particularly relevant in the context of police records and typically applies to information compiled as part of an ongoing investigation where disclosure could compromise the investigation by revealing the identity of uncharged suspects, confidential sources, specific investigatory techniques, or work product, or endanger life or physical safety . However, it's important to note that these exemptions are generally applied narrowly, and the burden of proving that a record falls under a specific exemption rests with the public office seeking to withhold it . Furthermore, if only a portion of a record is exempt, the public office is generally required to redact the exempt information and release the non-exempt portions. Within the realm of law enforcement, Ohio law distinguishes between different types of records regarding their accessibility . Routine offense and incident reports, which document the initial details of reported crimes, are generally considered public records and are typically not subject to the CLEIR exemption, especially once an investigation has concluded or reached a certain stage . Similarly, statistical summaries and annual reports that aggregate crime data without revealing specific confidential details about ongoing investigations or the identities of individuals are often considered disclosable under the Ohio Public Records Act . The requirement to redact exempt information rather than withhold entire documents further supports the principle of maximum possible disclosure . Therefore, the City of Springfield's assertion of "no legal grounds" to provide annual crime reports to the public warrants closer examination in light of these general principles and the specific exemptions outlined in Ohio law.    ANALYZING THE SPRINGFIELD’S LEGAL JUSTIFICATION FOR WITHHOLDING CRIME REPORTS;  EVALUATING THE "NO LEGAL GROUNDS" CLAIM The City of Springfield’s legal department's claim that there are "no legal grounds" to provide annual crime reports to the public is a broad assertion that appears to contradict the general principles of Ohio's Public Records Law. Given that Ohio law mandates broad access to public records and narrowly construes exemptions, the city would need to articulate a specific legal basis for withholding annual summaries or statistical reports of crime data. It is possible that the city's legal department is relying on a specific exemption, such as the CLEIR exemption, but the applicability of this exemption to aggregated annual crime data, especially data that does not contain specific details of ongoing investigations or personal identifying information, is questionable .  Reply to SDVC request for Annual Crime Reports: As per Randy Stevenson, Assistant Law Director, City of Springfield: Please note: “ The demographic categories you outline in your request are not tracked by the City. Under Ohio Revised Code § 149.43(B)(1), public offices are required to make available only existing records, and there is no obligation to create or compile a record to satisfy a request (State ex rel. Fant v. Enright, 66 Ohio St. 3d 186, 1993).” The SDVC response addresses the objection raised concerning the availability of demographic information, citing Ohio Revised Code § 149.43(B)(1) and the City's alleged lack of tracking such categories. While we (SDVC) acknowledge the legal framework regarding existing records, we contend that the spirit of transparency and public accountability necessitates the provision of relevant demographic data, particularly in matters of public safety and resource allocation. We draw your attention to Police Chief Elliot's public statement at the City Commissioners Meeting on August 29, 2023. During this meeting, Chief Elliot explicitly acknowledged the public's "citizen's right to know some of these answers, not just within a specific demographic that we’re speaking about right now in our community." She further stated, "I’ll do everything I can to gather my stats and make sure I have the right stats to speak on for you, if we wanna have a conversation about it, and sit down and talk about it, I’d be more than happy to break down those demographics. "Chief Elliot's statement establishes a clear precedent for the availability and disclosure of demographic information. Her willingness to "gather" and "break down" these statistics strongly implies that such data is, in fact, collected or can be compiled. Furthermore, she encouraged the public to "make public records requests" for such information, which contradicts the assertion that these categories are not tracked. We understand the legal argument regarding the obligation to provide only existing records. However, the Chief's public commitment to providing demographic information creates a reasonable expectation that such data is accessible. To deny this information based solely on the argument that the City does not "track" it in a specific format undermines the Chief's commitment to public transparency and the public's right to know. Furthermore, Domestic Violence arrests and incidents in which the Springfield Police Department provided to the Ohio Attorney General’s Office of Domestic Violence Reports by The Ohio Bureau of Criminal Identification and Investigation contains a detailed breakdown of gender and race/ethnicity of those arrested and those involved in incidents since 2010. Therefore, without a clearly articulated legal justification citing a specific provision of the Ohio Revised Code or relevant case law, the city's refusal appears to undermine the spirit of transparency and public access that the Public Records Law aims to uphold. While the city has not provided a specific legal rationale, it is conceivable that they might attempt to argue that annual crime reports fall under an exemption. One potential argument could be that these reports contain information that, if released, could compromise ongoing investigations. However, this argument is often countered by the fact that aggregate annual data can typically be presented in a manner that does not reveal sensitive details about specific cases that are still under investigation . Another potential argument might be that compiling an annual crime report constitutes the creation of a new record, which public offices are generally not obligated to do . However, if the SPD already tracks and utilizes this crime data internally for analysis, strategic planning, and reporting to state or federal agencies (such as through the UCR or NIBRS systems), then generating a summary for public disclosure should not necessarily be considered an undue burden or the creation of an entirely new record . A further argument could be made concerning the privacy of victims. However, annual statistical reports can be designed to present data in an anonymized and aggregated format that does not disclose the identities of individual victims . In the absence of a specific and compelling legal justification, the refusal to provide annual crime statistics raises concerns about the city's commitment to transparency and its willingness to share information that is vital for public understanding and community safety initiatives.    THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN CRIME REPORTS AND CALLS FOR SERVICE REVISITED The Springfield Domestic Violence Coalition's specific request for crime reports as opposed to "calls for service" data is critical. As previously discussed, "calls for service" represent a broader category of police responses that may not always result in a formal crime report . For an organization like the SDVC, which focuses on preventing domestic violence and supporting victims, access to official crime reports is essential for understanding the actual incidence and trends of domestic violence and related crimes within Springfield . Providing only "calls for service" data would offer an incomplete and potentially misleading picture of the problem. For instance, a high volume of domestic disturbance calls might not accurately reflect the number of cases that are officially reported as domestic violence crimes, either due to victims' reluctance to press charges, lack of sufficient evidence for an arrest, or other factors . Therefore, the city's apparent reliance on providing "calls for service" data (as suggested by the SDVC's specific request for crime reports) while withholding annual crime reports hinders the SDVC's ability to accurately assess the scope of domestic violence in Springfield and to effectively advocate for prevention and support services. Access to annual crime reports, particularly those detailing incidents of domestic violence, is of paramount importance for organizations like the Springfield Domestic Violence Coalition (SDVC). This data allows the SDVC to identify critical trends, geographical hotspots where domestic violence is more prevalent, and recurring patterns in the nature and severity of abuse within the Springfield community . By analyzing this information over time, the SDVC can gain a deeper understanding of the dynamics of domestic violence in their locality, which is essential for developing targeted and effective prevention strategies. For example, identifying areas with a high incidence of reported domestic violence could inform decisions about where to focus outreach efforts or establish support services. Recognizing patterns in the types of weapons used or the times of day when incidents are most likely to occur can help tailor safety education campaigns and inform law enforcement responses. Comprehensive crime data provides the evidence base necessary for a more informed and strategic approach to combating domestic violence. The availability of detailed crime statistics also plays a crucial role in the SDVC's ability to allocate their resources effectively and advocate for necessary policy changes and increased support . When seeking funding from grant-making organizations or government agencies, the SDVC can use concrete crime data to demonstrate the extent of the problem in Springfield and justify their need for financial support to expand their services, such as emergency shelters, counseling programs, and legal aid. Similarly, when advocating for policy changes at the local or state level, such as stricter enforcement of domestic violence laws or increased funding for victim support, the SDVC can leverage crime statistics to underscore the urgency and importance of these initiatives. Presenting data on the number of reported domestic violence incidents, the rates of recidivism among offenders, or the challenges faced by victims in accessing justice can provide compelling evidence to policymakers and community leaders, strengthening the SDVC's arguments for change. Publicly available crime statistics empower organizations to make data-driven arguments that carry greater weight and influence with stakeholders.    BUILDING COMMUNITY TRUST AND TRANSPARENCY The disclosure of crime data by the Springfield Police Department would also contribute to greater transparency and help build trust between law enforcement and the community, particularly concerning the sensitive issue of domestic violence . When the police department is open about the challenges and trends in crime, including domestic violence, it demonstrates a commitment to addressing these issues and allows for more informed public discourse . Sharing this data can help the community understand the scope of the problem and foster a sense of shared responsibility in finding solutions. Furthermore, transparency regarding crime statistics can increase public confidence in the police department's efforts to combat crime and support victims. When community members have access to this information, they can better assess the effectiveness of law enforcement strategies and engage in constructive dialogue about public safety concerns. This openness can be particularly important in fostering trust with vulnerable populations, such as victims of domestic violence, who may be hesitant to come forward if they perceive a lack of transparency or commitment from law enforcement.    CONCLUSION The detention of two Black individuals by the Springfield Police Department on March 13th, 2025, occurred within a context of heightened public awareness of police actions due to advancements in technology that promote transparency. While the SPD maintains that their officers followed protocol, the incident underscores the complexities of police interactions, particularly those involving individuals from marginalized communities. Simultaneously, the City of Springfield's refusal to disclose annual crime reports to the Springfield Domestic Violence Coalition (SDVC), citing a lack of legal grounds, appears inconsistent with the general principles of Ohio's Public Records Law, which favors broad public access to government information. The SDVC's need for this data, especially concerning domestic violence, is critical for understanding trends, allocating resources, advocating for policy changes, and fostering community trust. The city's broad claim of "no legal grounds" without specific justification raises concerns about transparency and hinders the efforts of organizations working to address significant public safety issues. It is recommended that the SPD and the City of Springfield reconsider their stance on disclosing annual crime reports, providing a clear legal rationale for any continued withholding. Engaging in a dialogue with the SDVC to understand their specific data needs and exploring ways to provide relevant information, while respecting privacy and legal limitations, would be a positive step towards greater transparency and community collaboration. Reviewing their public records policies to ensure alignment with Ohio's Sunshine Laws and promoting maximum transparency would ultimately benefit both the police department and the citizens of Springfield by fostering greater trust and facilitating more informed approaches to public safety. 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